1.1 Chemical Packaging

The packaging of industrial products is an indispensable part of modern industry. A product from production to the user's hands, generally through the process of loading and unloading, storage, transportation. In this process, the product will inevitably be subject to collision, drop, shock and vibration. A good packaging will protect the product well, reduce the damage during transportation, and make the product reach the user's hands safely. This is particularly important for hazardous chemicals. Proper packaging methods will reduce the incidence of accidents in storage and transportation, otherwise, it may lead to major accidents. For example, in January 1997, a serious chlorine gas leakage accident occurred in Pakistan, when a truck was transporting bottled chlorine gas, due to vehicle turbulence, resulting in a severe impact of liquid chlorine cylinders, causing the bottle to burst, resulting in a large number of chlorine gas leakage, resulting in many deaths and poisoning accidents. After the inspection, the material of the cylinder seriously does not meet the requirements, which leaves a hidden danger for transportation safety. In contrast, st1:chsdate w:st=on Month=3 Year=1997 Day=18 IsLunarDate=False IsROCDate=False> In the early morning of March 18, 1997, A large truck loaded with 1 ton and 200 barrels of sodium cyanide in Guangxi overturned into the Guijiang River in Guangxi, China. Due to tight packaging and timely salvage, none of the packaging was damaged, and a serious leakage pollution accident was avoided. Therefore, chemical packaging is the basis for the safety of chemical storage and transportation, to this end, various departments and enterprises pay more and more attention to the packaging of hazardous chemicals, the packaging of hazardous chemicals continues to improve, the development of new packaging materials, so that the packaging quality of hazardous chemicals continues to improve. The state has also continuously strengthened the supervision of packaging and formulated a series of relevant standards to make the packaging of chemicals more standardized.

1.1.1 Packaging classification and packaging performance test

According to the structural strength and protective performance of the package and the danger degree of the contents, dangerous goods packaging is divided into three categories:

Class I packaging: the goods have greater danger and the packaging strength is high;

Class II packaging: the goods have medium risk, high packaging strength requirements;

Class III packaging: The goods have little danger, and the packaging strength requirements are general.

The General Technical Conditions for Dangerous Goods Transport Packaging (GB12463-90) stipulates four test methods for dangerous goods packaging, namely stacking test, drop test, airtight test and hydraulic test.

Stacking test: The hard load plate is placed on the top surface of the test package, the weight is placed on the plate, a certain stacking height (3 meters by land, 8 meters by sea) and a certain time (generally 24 hours), to observe whether the stacking is stable, whether the packaging is deformed and damaged.

Drop test: Drop the package according to different fall directions and heights to observe whether the package is damaged and leaked. For example, the direction of the fall of the steel barrel is as follows: For the first time, the convex edge of the barrel hits the ground at an oblique line; if there is no convex edge, the joint between the barrel body and the bottom of the barrel hits. The second time, the first time did not test to the weakest place, such as longitudinal weld, closure, etc.

Airtight test: the package is invaded into the water, the package is inflated and pressurized to observe whether there are bubbles, or the joint of the bucket or other leaky places are coated with soap or other suitable liquid and then inflated and pressurized inside the package to observe whether there are bubbles.

Hydraulic test: According to different packaging types, select different pressures and press for 5min to observe whether the packaging is damaged. For acid-proof jars and ceramic jars, the selection pressure of class Ⅰ packaging is 250kPa, class Ⅱ packaging pressure is 200kPa, and class Ⅲ is 200kPa.

The packaging containing chemicals must be inspected by the designated department and can only be used after meeting the relevant test standards.

1.1.2 Basic Requirements for packaging

1. The transportation packaging of dangerous goods should be reasonable in structure, with certain strength and good protection performance. The material, type, specification, method and quality (weight) of the package shall be suitable for the nature and purpose of the dangerous goods contained, and shall be convenient for loading, unloading, transportation and storage.

(2) The packaging should be of good quality, its structure and closed form should be able to withstand various operational risks under normal transportation conditions, should not be due to changes in temperature, humidity or pressure and any leakage (spread), the packaging surface should be clean, do not allow adhesion to harmful dangerous substances.

3. The part of the package that is in direct contact with the contents shall have internal coating or protective treatment if necessary, and the packaging material shall not react with the contents to form dangerous products or weaken the strength of the package.

4. The inner container shall be fixed. If it is fragile, the liner material or the adsorption material liner suitable for the properties of the contents should be used.

(5) The container containing the liquid shall be able to withstand the internal pressure generated under normal transport conditions. When filling, there must be sufficient expansion margin (reserved volume), unless otherwise specified, and it should be ensured that the internal liquid is not completely filled with the container at 55 ° C.

6. The packing sealing shall adopt tight sealing, liquid sealing or airtight sealing according to the nature of the contents.

7. When containing substances that need to be soaked or added with a stabilizer, the closed form of the container should be able to effectively ensure that the percentage of the liquid (water, solvent and stabilizer) contained in the storage and transportation period is kept within the specified range.

8. For the packaging of the pressure reducing device, the design and installation of the exhaust hole should prevent the leakage of the contents and the entry of external impurities, and the amount of gas discharged should not cause danger and pollution of the environment.

9. The inner container and outer package of composite packaging should be closely fitted, and the outer package should not have protrusions that scratch the inner container.

10. Whether it is new packaging, reused packaging, or repaired packaging, it should meet the requirements of the performance test of dangerous goods transport packaging.

11. Additional requirements for explosive packaging:

(1) The closed form of the container containing liquid explosives should have double protection against leakage;

(2) Except that the inner package can fully prevent the contact between explosives and metal objects, nails and other metal parts without protective coating shall not penetrate the outer package;

(3) Steel drums, metal drums or packaging boxes lined with metal for double flange joint should be able to prevent explosives from entering the gap. The sealing device of steel or aluminum drums must have suitable gaskets;

(4) Explosive substances and articles in the package, including the inner container, must be properly padded, and dangerous movement must not occur during transportation.

(5) Explosive items containing electrical triggering devices sensitive to external electromagnetic radiation, the packaging should be equipped to prevent the contents from being affected by external electromagnetic radiation sources